An error that does not affect a party’s substantive rights or the case’s outcome. • A harmless error is not grounds for reversal. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 61; Fed. R. Crim. P. 52. — Also termed technical error; error in vacuo. Cf. substantial error. [Cases: Administrative Law and Procedure 764; Appeal and Error 1025–1074. […]
harmless error doctrine 〈美〉无害错误原则 依该原则，上诉法院不会因审判过程中的轻微或无害的错误而撤销原审法院的判决。所谓无害错误指任何轻微的、形式上的或纯理论上的、没有侵犯当事人的实质权利和对判决没有影响或仅有极小影响的错误。它不构成准予对案件重新审理，或撤销陪审团裁断，或撤销、变更法院判决或裁定的根据。
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An alleged error that occurred in a lower court and is pointed out in an appellate brief as grounds for reversal [appellants’ two assigned errors appeared to the court to be harmless errors]. See ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR.
cumulative-error analysis. Appellate scrutiny of whether all the individual harmless errors made in a trial had the cumulative effect of prejudicing the outcome. • If they did, the harmless errors taken together may amount to reversible error.
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An error that affects a party’s substantive rights or the outcome of the case. • A substantial error may require reversal on appeal. Cf. harmless error.
error in vacuo (in vak-yoo-oh). [Latin “error in a void”] See harmless error under ERROR.
The prejudicial effect of two or more trial errors that may have been harmless individually. • The cumulative effect of multiple harmless errors may amount to reversible error. See CUMULATIVE-ERROR ANALYSIS.
technical errors 技术性错误 指在审判过程中出现的、无损于当事人利益的、不能作为撤销判决理由的非原则性的也非实质性的错误。也称无害错误〔harmless error〕。
variance. 1. A difference or disparity between two statements or documents that ought to agree; esp., in criminal procedure, a difference between the allegations in a charging instrument and the proof actually introduced at trial. — Also termed variation. [Cases: Indictment and Information 171. C.J.S. Indictments and Informations §§ 206, 211.] fatal variance. A variance
indorsement on instruction 说明书背书 法官在审判中在律师向他提交的说明书上，根据案情注明「接受」〔given〕或「拒绝」〔refused〕的字样。如果法官因疏忽而未作此背书签注，通常认为属于无害错误〔harmless error〕。
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